The Theory Of The International System - 1741 Words

Few forces in the world can change, create, and destroy history and nations. However, war continues to be one of the strongest proponents of these changes. The study of the international system is comprised of many differing theories. These theories hypothesize the origin of international structure, events, and how states interact. Specifically, the varying theories present in international relations disagree on the causes of war. Political Realism has been the most dominant paradigm in the past 70 years of International Relations (Class Notes, August 31). This paradigm stresses the anarchic structure of world politics, how this structure affects interaction and how it can cause war. Kenneth Waltz, an American political scientist on the forefront of structural realism, highlights the international system’s decentralized and anarchic tendencies. He states, international politics due to anarchy has been called â€Å"politics in the absence of government† (PAGE NUMBER?). A dditionally, Waltz stresses the component of the self-help mindset of anarchy. As anarchy endures, states will continue to act as selfish units. This mentality often leads to war as anarchy is taken to mean not just the absence of government, but also the presence of disorder and chaos (Waltz, The Anarchic Structure of World Politics). In general, realist theories present that states are the principal actors, every state partakes in rational egoism which is essential to survival, and anarchy is the dominantShow MoreRelatedRealism Theory And The International System Essay1862 Words   |  8 Pagesactions and motives for entering WWI. This essay will discuss the overarching theme of insecurity through realism theory used to examine the international system during this Westphalian era, and how inept governmental policies supplemented by specific human decisions, societal factors, and public opinion contributed to Germany s   entry into WWI.  Ã‚   The Westphalian era of international relations began in 1648, the year in which the Treaties of Westphalia concluded the Thirty Years War and markedRead MoreIn The First Theory,Realism, The International System Is1898 Words   |  8 PagesIn the first theory, Realism, the international system is defined by anarchy and the lack of a central authority, meaning that states are independent from each other and no structure or system can establish a forced relation among them. In this type of system, power is the main objective that each state plans to accomplish because only by achieving this power they can protect themselves and survive. According to this theory, there are different powers that a state plans to achieve for example theRead MoreAn Introduction Of International Relations1702 Words   |  7 Pagescourse, an introduction of International Relations, my views have consistently been fluid. From week to week with new information and new theories presented, researched and ana lysed along with my increasing knowledge of attributes and models of these principles. I have had assimilations, with the key concepts of nearly all theories, yet none sat wholly in my perception of international relations. I found concepts of the disciplines to be too black and white. International relations is such a complicatedRead MoreThe Theory Of International Relations1402 Words   |  6 PagesThere are different theory of how international relations should operate, such as Liberalism, Realism, Marxism, Constructivism, the English school often called the international society, Feminism, Green theory, Hegemonic stability theory, Postmodernism and Post colonialism. This essay will be focus on realism and how relevant the realist perspective is in the 21st century international relations. Historically, Realism is the most important approach to discipline of international relations (NicholsonRead MoreMarxism Of The Cold War And The Triumph Of Capitalism1528 Words   |  7 PagesMarx theories were seen excessively concerned with the role of economics in determining all aspects of social and political relations, as well as excessively pessimistic, offering few means of genuine escape from the capitalist system. The basic tenet of Marxism is that the world is divided not into politically determined nations but into economically determined by classes. Consequently, politics does not supersede economics, but rather economics trumps politics. The various Marxist theories of internationalRead MoreRealism, Liberalism, And Social Constructivism1009 Words   |  5 Pagesmust analyze the international system using a variety of theories. Realism, liberalism, and social constructivism are only a handful of lenses through which we view global affairs. Realism suggests that anarchy causes states to fight for survival and the balance of power. Liberalism suggests that while states do fight to survive, anarchy creates an environment conducive to cooperation. On the other hand, constructivism suggests that people constructed this system of international relations and anarchyRead MoreHans Morgenthau Defensive Realism Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pagesfield of International Security Studies has evolved from t he discipline of International Relations as a passage to apprehend the driving forces within international politics. The increases of traditional and non-traditional security threats and problems have made security studies vital to academics, governments, and policymakers. In addition to that, the theory of realism has been a long prevailing paradigm in international security studies. Moreover, realism is more than a single theory, but thisRead MoreU.s. Relations Between The International System Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pagesthe international system. This emergence in power however poses a threat to the United States; the current world hegemon. To assess China’s rise as an economic power, it is important to analyze state relationships in the international system. The IR theories of Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism are crucial in predicting the future of Sino-U.S. relations, as each theory holds a distinct position on state relations in the international system. Thee presence of anarchy in the international system;Read MoreWhat Is Power And What Forms Can It Shape? International Relations? Essay1672 Words   |  7 Pagesanother. Moreover, power in international society has never been disturbed equally. Therefore, what is power and what forms can it shape to affect international relations? The three political theories of realism, marxism and social constructivism define power in association with the taxonomy principles of concepts. Therefore, it is the purpose of this essay to examine the taxonomy principle that form the corresponding concepts of power with the appropriate political theory, along with providing an analyticalRead MoreMarxist Theories Of International Relations903 Words   |  4 Pagescame to an end and capitalism stood victorious, it was generally accepted that the ideas of Marx could be declared irrelevant. Marx’s theories were excessively concerned with the role of economics in defining social and political relatio ns. These were also exceedingly pessimistic in their approach, offering hardly any viable option to replace the capitalist system. The core principle of Marxism is that the world is divided not into politically determined nations but into economically determined

Definition of Health Essay - 1220 Words

Definition of Health One can define health negatively, as the absence of illness, or positively, as fitness and well-being. Health also implies good prospects for continued survival. The World Health Organization defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity(Health, 2006). This writer defines health not only as the absence of illlness but also as being healthy as it relates to health promotion. Health promotion is the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health. Optimal health is defined as a balance of physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and intellectual health (ODonnell, n.d.).†¦show more content†¦This writer views yearly mammograms as an important health promoting behavior because mammograms are probably the most important tool doctors have to help them diagnose and evaluate women for breast cancer. Mammograms do not prevent breast cancer but they can save lives by finding breast cancer as early as possible. For example, mammograms have been shown to lower the chance of dying from breast cancer by 35% in women over the age of 50; studies suggest for women between 40 and 50 they may lower the chance of dying from breast cancer by 25-35% (Breast cancer, 2006). In addition to mammograms, this writer views a pap test as a health promoting tool because a Pap test can save a womans life. This screening test can find the earliest signs of cervical cancer - a common cancer in women. According to Womens Health (n.d.) if caught early, the chance of curing cervical cancer is very high. Pap tests also can find infections and abnormal cervical cells that can turn into cancer cells. Treatment can prevent most cases of cervical cancer from developing. Healthy lifestyle behaviors are all about choices. One of the most important things individuals and families can do to promote good health is to make smart choices. Taking advantage of health screening tests is the right choice to make. Additional lifestyle behaviors include avoiding risky behaviors. Avoiding behaviors such as using tobacco or drugs, or abusing alcohol - evenShow MoreRelatedEssay on Definitions of Health1228 Words   |  5 PagesDefinitions of health It is fairly difficult to define health as there are no agreements between scholars. This is why many sociologists focus their research on the different issues and problems of ill health. Positive definition of health: positive health looks at the physical, emotional, intellectual aspects of a person’s wellbeing. This is in the way that they do not have any diseases or ailments. An example of the positive definition of health in a health and social care is a nurse in whoRead MoreWhat is the Definition of Health?939 Words   |  4 PagesWhere there is life there is health. In 1948 the World Health Organization defined health as â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.† Whereas previously, health had be identified as solely the absence of disease or infirmity. Through research and study, it was recognized that health is the domain of physical and mental functioning. The state of health is then the degree to which these functions are in equilibrium with the physicalRead MoreThe Definition Of Health Policy Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesThis report will discussed the definition of health policy, the process of making a policy, the laws and legislations involve, the healthcare advocacy of professionals in politics and decision-making, and lastly, explore the advantages and drawb acks of 2 types of decision making models. The learning outcome of this report will further explore and better understand widely the process how the government of any nation undergo a certain procedure before arriving to an outcome. What is Policy? It isRead MoreDefinition of Health Insurance887 Words   |  4 PagesDefinition Health insurance is insurance against the risk of incurring health care related expenses. It indemnifies the insured for the related financial loss. It is important to note that health insurance is a form of short term insurance. Disability, critical illness and long-term care insurance are all subclasses of health insurance. When an individual buys health insurance, he/she enters into a contract (policy) with the insurance company so that for a monthly premium, the insurance companyRead MoreThe Contrasting Definitions Of Health And Ill Health2963 Words   |  12 Pagescontrasting definitions of health and ill health in your own words. There are a lot of different definitions of health and ill health all of which are socially constructed; meaning that social issues usually influence a new theory or alter an old definition of health. In this section I will be analysing different definitions of health and ill health. In my opinion health is a state of mind and to be ill is having a physical or mental sensation of being unwell. Naidoo and Wills(2001, p.47) â€Å"Health is aRead MoreDefinition Of Health Care Quality1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe definition of health care quality has changed significantly over the years. Depending on who is asked (doctor, patient, nurse etc.), the definition can vary; however there are always some similarities. There are two definitions expressed by the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) that I believe adequately express my view on health care quality. One definition is from the Institute of Medicine that states health care quality is â€Å"safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficientRead MoreDefinition Of Health Information Technology875 Words   |  4 PagesDefinition of Health Informatics Introduction â€Å"Information is power† as the popular saying goes, is never proper than now with the current digital revolution. This digital revolution has impacted every major industry (including the healthcare industry). The healthcare industry is experiencing an ever increasing production of data which has resulted in the growth of new hardware and software and specialties (Hoyt Yoshihashi, 2014) to handle the processing and transformation of these data intoRead MoreWhat Is The Definition Of Health Care883 Words   |  4 PagesMain Question Post: Week 1 Discussion - Overview of Growth and Development Impact of Provider’s Personal Definition of Family Family-centered care (FCC) considered the widespread pediatric care methodology related to the health care decisiveness amongst the healthcare providers and their family. According to Kuo, Houtrow, Arango, Kuhlthau, Simmons, and Neff (2012), while the FCC is the customary approach to pediatric healthcare for arrays of healthcare providers in the hospital, and primary careRead MoreEmployee Health And Wellness Definition Essay948 Words   |  4 PagesEmployee health and wellness definition. According to Chenoweth (n. d.) â€Å"the health status of your employees directly influences their work behavior, attendance and on-the-job performance . . . improving employee well-being will result in a more productive workforce† (p. 1). The purpose of an employee wellness program is to promote healthier employees who because they are healthy are happier more productive employees (Danna Griffin, 1999). Wellness programs have positive outcomes for both the employerRead MoreThe Health Organ ization s Given Definition Of Health1418 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferences in our health vary from one person to the other. With that being said, each of us distinctly has specific beliefs when it comes to our own personal health and wellness. It mostly depends on one’s own choices, culture, religious beliefs as well as the way they are raised. Our own practices greatly affect and determine our personal health and well-being. Health is a concept that pertains to the state of one’s entire well-being. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), â€Å"health is a state

Vermeer Example For Students

Vermeer Biography Johannes Vermeer  (or Jan) (1632–1675) Dutch painter, born in Delft. He spent all his life in his birthplace where, in 1653 he joined the Guild of St Luke as a master painter. Except for a famous View of Delft (1658–60) and a very few portraits and other pictures, he painted mainly interiors, where a single wall and a tiled floor provide backgrounds for the harmoniously composed figures in the soft serene light pouring through tall windows, lighting effects over which he gained a supreme mastery. The figures, mostly young women, appear singly or in very small groups and confirm by their attitudes and occupations the pictures’ moods. It is likely that he used a camera obscura to assist with proportions and to capture tonal changes. Vermeer was popular in his own day but was then almost forgotten until the 19th-century revival after 1866 by the art historian Theophile Thorà ©. A slow worker, only about 35 of his paintings survive. Proust thought View of Delft ‘the most beautiful painting in the world’ and other masterpieces include The Milkmaid (c.1658), The Little Street (1658), Girl with a pearl earring (1665) and Girl with the red hat (c.1665). Vermeer can be recognised by the monumental and spacious effect he gives to small rooms by sitting close to the model, by his characteristic dark blues and warm yellows and by the occurrence in picture after picture of the same small objects painted with the same meticulous detail. Such idiosyncrasies provided an opportunity for the forger Hans van *Meegeren in World War II (although as Vermeer’s work has become better known, it is hard to see how the forgeries could have fooled anybody). Vermeer cared little for commercialism. At his death his baker held two of his paintings for unpaid bills, and his wife, declared bankrupt, could not retrieve them. The microscopist Leeuwenhoek, an exact contemporary, was his executor but it is uncertain if they were friends.

Case Analysis Business Level Strategy and Generic Strategies

Question: Discuss about theCase Analysis for Business Level Strategy and Generic Strategies. Answer: Introduction In the analysis of the financial performance of Hallbroke from today to the past five years, it is apparent that performance is declining with time. At year 3, there was an increase from 1.2 billion which has been constant for two years to 1.3 billion. A decline is seen from 1.1 been to 1.0 billion. This indicates that Hallbroke has been experiencing challenges of stiff competition in the market owing to the presence of BuzzDeals, Bestcos and Electro Bs who are the major competitors. Bestcos and Electro Bs have been competing for head to head with Hallbroke. According to the case, Hallbrooke is ranked the second with 350 store distribution after ElectroBs leading with 394 stores. BuzzDeals and Bestcos are ranked third and fourth respectively. In the comparison of store distribution, Hallbrooke has more stores in North-East, North-West, Scotland and Northern Ireland regions with 49, 42, and 42 respectively. Whereas BuzzDeals has 48, 39 and 39 respectively and Electro Bs has 39, 35 and 3 respectively. These two companies have fewer stores, yet they are leading turnover. This implies that the Hallbrooke has not fully utilized stores in North East, North West, Northern Ireland, and Scotland. Hallbrooke for the past three years engaged in the promotion of store refurbishment and latest DVD technology. Also, they fought for getting exclusive rights for Nexus game console and are now engaging in the contract for sole distribution rights. On the other hand, Betcos engaged in refurbishment of some stores, scrubbing of the new look and undertaking research o appealing stores; BuzzDeals engaged in refurbishing stores two and three years ago; Electro Bs had none of the engagement and is the reason where it is leading in revenue. South-East is leading with 77 stores getting revenue of 250 million and spending 44,976 on staff cost thus getting revenue of 61, 029 million. The region with the lowest revenue is North-West and Northern Ireland with revenue of 9,814 million. Based on this, strategies need to be set so as to make the region increase their revenue upward. Employees On the employee opinion survey conducted, 58% say the employer is good, and 40% say it is excellent. Employees pointed out the appearance of stores are excellent with 80% response. The employees as well pointed out the colleagues are friendly in the organization with a response of 90% excellent. The availability of employees is good at 50 %. However it is not excellent. The employees could be not apparent on recommending anyone to the organization since the response was 45% - yes and 30% - no response. Customers Even though the response rate at South-East was very low, some customers were interviewed, and response obtained. The survey showed that the organization has a good image with a response of 80% excellent and 30% corporate image response. The appearance of stores is good as it received 30% excellent and 40% good. In examining the appearance of staff, it was found out that they are good with 40% good and 30% excellent response and their availability was poor at 45% poor and good at 40% response. The goods bought are excellent with 80% excellent and 18% good. The customer service is excellent with 50% excellent and 34% good. Skill Audit In the skill audit of the South-East region, it is established that region C, D, G, I and J have received little training on level 4 and level 5 type of training. Other sections have trained personnel even though it may not be adequate. Recommendation The Hallbrooke must reduce promotions that have spanned the past three years and concentrate on strategies to increase customer base as well as sales volume. This has affected the performance of the organization as compared to Electro Bs which is leading as a result of focusing on business strategies for increasing returns via marketing selected segments. The Hallbrookes stores in North-East, North-West and Nothern Ireland and Scotland are many in number as compared to Electro Bs stores in this same location and Electro Bs is commanding the market. The Hallbrooke Company is needed to make these stores yield high proceeds. It is possible with proper business strategies of sales volume increase. It is advisable that a market research gets done so as to establish the reason as to why Hallbrooke is not performing well like Electro Bs/ Also, aggressive marketing be conducted to increase product awareness. There is the need for training on level 4 and level 5 at C, D, G, I and J areas so as increase employees productivity.

Creationism and Evolution

In what ways is the process of essays

In what ways is the process of essays The process of globalisation itself is challenging and changing our understanding of government and democracy in the 21st century. These ways have been influenced by various principles associated with the state sovereignty and liberal democracy. In this Briefing Paper, however, I will only illuminate two of these principles, which I regard as the most important ones. I am going to argue that the globalisation of the economy, as well as in the environment, cause huge challenges for governments and democracies. These challenges include diminishing control over a defined territory through factors such as international (non)- governmental organizations and transboundary pollution. One of the most important principles achieved in The Peace Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 was the establishment of the state sovereignty, which had an ulterior motive that states hold absolute power over their own territory and population. However, in the last few decades, the state sovereignty has being eroded by factors such as interdependence, and particularly through globalisation. In addition, the core principles of liberal democracy include self- governance, the demos, consent, representation, and popular sovereignty. These principles are coming under certain pressures in many different respects. Of these principles, the globalisation of the economy, as well as in the environment, show to be major influences to liberal democracies and domestic governments. In 1998, Held argued that liberal democracy assumes a direct and symmetrical correspondence between government and the governed (Held, 1998). However, under the conditions of globalisation this correspondence is disrupted since, in an increasingly interconnected world system, sites of power can be large distances away. This shows to be the first big challenge for liberal democracies. What I mean by sites of power? Global economic processes, such as trad...

Spain and its unemployment problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Spain and its unemployment problems - Essay Example Causes of high unemployment rates in Spain There have been high reported incidences of unemployment throughout the entire region of the European Union and Spain being among the countries highly affected by the issue. According to data collected by the economics ministry, the rate of unemployment varies among the countries in European Union. For example, it indicated that by then, the rate of unemployment in Luxembourg was 13%, while the rate of unemployment in Spain was 24%. Therefore, there must be different internal factors in Spain, which contributes to the increase of unemployment rates.These factors include; Spain faces high rates of unemployment due to Real Wage Unemployment. This is a dis-equilibrium unemployment, which happens when the required real wages for a given jobs are above the market clearing level. This type of unemployment in Spain results from trade unions and other wages boards. Secondly, Spain records high rates of unemployment because of demand deficient unempl oyment, which lowers the demand for both the goods and services produced within the country. Economic recession experienced in Spain contributes to this problem as they results into many companies closing up their businesses hence putting off workers. Thirdly, Spain has high rates of unemployment rates resulting from frictional unemployment. This type of unemployment occurs when people change jobs. It can also occur when fresh graduates from universities take a lot of time while in search of an appropriate job that has attractive wages hence being among the unemployed. Finally, incidences of unemployment are high in Spain due low quality and poorly designed... Unemployment refers to an economic indicator that measures the persons who are willing and capable of working but they cannot due to inadequate jobs. According to the report released by the Economy minister in Spain, the country is experiencing high rates of recession, which will result into an increase in the unemployment rates. The rate of unemployment in the country has highly increased to 25%; hence, negatively affecting its financial status. In Spain, the rate of unemployment is elevated amidst women than men. This is because in 2012, the total unemployed men accounts for 23.60% as women accounts for 24.60% (Dobre& Adriana 184). The rate of unemployment is very high among the youths, which shows the difficulties that young people encounter in search of jobs. Spain has also recorded an inflation rate of 1.9 %. Since 2002 up to 2012, the highest inflation rate was 5.3 % recorded in July 2008 while the lowest was 1.4% recorded in July 2009 (Osuna 43). Therefore, it is important for Spain’s government to introduce control bank monetary policy in order to maintain price stability so that the inflation rates can be below and close to 2% as increase in inflation rate increases the rate of unemployment in a given state (Osuna 43).As a means of solving the issue of unemployment in Spain, the government should ensure that it fosters economic growth because it highly generates more jobs. This means that the legislative authorities should study their economic process and introduce impetus to the economy including buying debts from agencies for them to hire.

Doing business in Europe (German) 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Doing business in Europe (German) 2 - Essay Example logical changes, and even environmental changes generate ever new problems and challenges which companies must face in order to continue to operate successfully. For instance, changes in the enforcement and interpretation of tax laws in Europe have had an impact on the operations and viability of such companies in the European continent. The problems are tied to the way Europe for instance is pushing for higher tax collections from HP and other American firms, and that these problems in turn affect the profitability and the viability of companies such as HP (Duncan, 2012). Does HP enter at all, and what kind of entry strategy makes sense in light of this problem? When it has entered, does it pull out and miss out on the large and lucrative European market for computing products and services, or does it adapt and shift strategies in order to properly deal with the problem of more persistent and higher tax collection efforts on the part of the European governments? This is one case amo ng many others that this paper discusses, presenting the problems faced by companies such as Siemens, BMW, Airbus, and Mercedes Benz, and also presenting the ways in which these companies solved these problems, using a variety of approaches specific to their circumstances and the problems that they faced, with a focus on the German market (The Economist Newspaper Limited, 2013). In the case of HP and other American companies operating in Europe, the problem has to do with the way European governments have been pushing to collect more taxes from those companies, who in turn have been trying to move the other way via a global practice that sees those firms trying to avoid paying taxes by financial accounting maneuvering so that profits are reported in so-called tax haven territories. This is tied to the problem of HP being able to enter and operate successfully in the continent, and in what manner. In the end the solution seems to be to financially retain the identity of HP as an entity

An evaluation with recommendations of electronic banking, with Essay

An evaluation with recommendations of electronic banking, with particular reference to user ability and security issues - Essay Example The paper tells that the introduction of e-banking systems has been related with specific needs: the needs of the customers to save time and money in regard to their transactions in banks but also the needs of banks to reduce their operational expenses – the limitation of the transactions developed within the banks’ branches leads to the limitation of the working hours required on the specific activities. In this context, the implementation of e-banking systems in banks can be characterized as an expected policy – necessary to resolve specific problems. The value of e-banking cannot be doubted; the importance of e-banking for the development of financial transactions can be understood by referring to this scheme’s definition. In this context, it is noted that ‘e-banking refers to electronic banking over the internet; e-banks can have some brick-and-mortar facilities: telephone and web call centers and, increasingly, physical "touch points" for in-per son demos and consultation’. At the next level, the value of e-banking systems can be understood by referring to their characteristics; the definitions of e-banking systems developed in the literature have been differentiated as they are based on different criteria. In any case, e-banking systems are likely to include devices that serve the following needs: the communication and the exchange of data. In accordance with Claessens et al. ‘the interaction between user and bank has been substantially improved by deploying ATMs, phone banking, Internet banking, and more recently, mobile banking’.

Direct-Instruction Tutoring for Academic Performance

Direct-Instruction Tutoring for Academic Performance Using Direct-Instruction Tutoring to Improve Academic Performance in Out-Of-Home Care Children Social Policy Proposal Differences in academic achievement is a concept greatly studied in social psychology. There exists a cornucopia of studies investigating issues surrounding the concept with relation to gender, generational, ethnic and class differences (Gil Carvalho, 2016, Duong, Badaly, Liu, Schwartz, Mccarty, Carolyn, 2016, Stephens, Witkow Fuligni, 2011, Hamedani Destin, 2014). However, one far less studied area is the reduced educational attainment found in children placed in out-of-home care (OHC). Out-of-home care refers to children under 18 years who are unable to live with their families, often due to neglect or abuse. It involves the placement of a child in an institutional setting, or with alternate caregivers. The following proposal shall outline examples of such decreased academic performance, as well as discuss the theory of school engagement as a possible explanation. Furthermore, a solution to the issue shall be proposed with respect to a direct-instruction programme. The issue at hand is vast, with OHC children displaying a tendency to largely experience poor life outcomes when compared to children in the general population. Such disparities are visible across many psychosocial dimensions. Higher risk of teenage pregnancy and STD contraction (Dworsky Courtney, 2010), increased levels of homelessness (Brown Wilderson, 2010) and higher rates of substance abuse and mental health issues (Villegas Pecora, 2012) are all documented problems. However, this is most obvious in regards to academic achievement. OHC children often lag one or two years behind their peers in the general population (Trout, Hagaman, Casey, Reid, Epstein, 2008) and are less likely to obtain a diploma, graduate past secondary or enrol in higher education (Villegas Pecora, 2012). At Key Stage 2, 48% of children in care reached the expected academic level in English and mathematics, compared to 79% of all children. The attainment gap continues to increase as children get older: 7% of OHC children go on to attend university, compared to just over 50% of young people in the general population (OHiggins, Sebba, Luke, 2015). Such underperformance in OHC children has been found to be predictive of negative effects in the future, such as criminal convictions and self-harm (Forsman, Brà ¤nnstrà ¶ma, Vinnerljunga, Hjernb, 2016). One explanation for this disparity between OHM children and the general population can be seen in the theory of school engagement (Wang, Willett Eccles, 2011). This theory suggests that academic performance can be categorized into two dimensions of school engagement. Cognitive engagement refers to the level to which the student participates in classroom learning and their ability to regulate such effort. Cognitive engagement is often correlated with grade attainment or test performance (Li Lerner, 2013). The second, affective engagement. This refers to how students perceive their school experience, incorporating their connection to their school, investment in class and relationship with their teachers. There are various studies which highlight the link between school engagement and educational performance. For example, Wang and Holcombe (2010) found school engagement to be directly related to academic achievement as well as functioning and adjustment in the school environment. Low levels of school engagement have also been attributed to delinquency, substance abuse (Li Lerner, 2011) higher drop-out rates (Archambault, Janosz, Fallu Pagani, 2009) and anti-social behaviour (Andrews Duncan, 1997). Decline can also be attributed to bullying, cheating, aggression and conduct issues (Simons-Morton and Chen, 2009). Reasons for the reduction in affective and cognitive engagement seen in OHC children can be seen in studies of other risk-populations which suggest such children are likely to experience less resources, decreased social support, higher-risk environments and increased exposure to adversity (Marks, 2000 and Daly, Shin, Thakral, Selders, Vera, 2009). Furthermore, a study by Gruman, Harachi, Abbott, Catalano Fleming (2008) found that children in OHC experience constant mobility and changes in placement which disrupts their school attendance, negatively affecting their school engagement. This can be seen in a study by Pears, Kim, Fisher and Yoergers (2013) which found that as well as displaying higher levels of externalizing and risk behaviours, children from a foster care sample showed significantly lower mean levels of affective and cognitive engagement in comparison to the children in a control group. This therefore suggests that due to their unstable environment, children in OHC exh ibit less cognitive and affective engagement in school, thus hindering their academic performance. Therefore, one way in which to challenge the disparity between OHC and normal children may be to address their lack of school engagement. A method in which to help decreased cognitive and affective engagement can be seen in direct-instruction (DI) interventions. DI is a specific style of teaching which has been used in many educational programmes designed for at-risk students. It consists of explicit, systematic instructions based on pre-planned lessons, a minimal student-to-teacher ratio, and constant assessment and progress tracking (Stahl, Duffy-Hester Stahl, 1998). DI programmes usually employ a three-step instructional procedure. Teachers must model (provide the appropriate information), lead (implore the correct recall from the student), and test (give immediate feedback and a delayed probe on the task initially attempted (Margaret, Houchins, Steventon, Candace Donya, 2005). DI programmes contain certain elements which can directly enhance aspects of cognitive and affective e ngagement for which OHC children are lacking in with regards to their normal school environment. This can be implemented via the application of supplementary tutoring programmes such as the TYCW (Maloney, 1998 in Flynn et al, 2012), DISTAR (Kim Axelrod, 2005) and the DILC (Cadette, Wilson, Brady, Dukes Bennett, 2016) which follow a DI approach. Such tutoring interventions could be administered by foster parents or carers as part of an institutional or foster care programme for OHC children. The explicit approach of DI has been found to help improve cognitive engagement, made evident through a wealth of literature attaining to how DI programmes can help improve overall grades in disadvantaged children. In a meta-analysis conducted by Borman, Hewes, Overman and Brown (2003), DI was found to be one of the most efficient programmes for improving academic performance in underachieving urban schools. The DI approach was also found to be effective in improving academic outcomes for young people at risk of school failure (Dolezal, Weber, Evavold, Wylie, McLaughlin, 2007). This implies DI programmes are useful to tackling cognitive engagement as it aims at improving academic performance in class. In terms of OHC children, a study by (Flynn, Marquis, Paquet, Peeke Aubry, 2012) conducted a randomized effectiveness trial with 77 foster children who were either involved in an DI intervention programmed or placed in a control group. Results indicated that at the post-test, the fost er children in the experimental group had made statistically and practically greater gains for sentence comprehension, reading and maths computation than those in the control group with relation to the pre-test scores. There is evidence for the ability DI programmes to address affective engagement also. DI improves student investment in class by minimizing the student-teacher ratio, ensuring that students receives more attention, thus increasing their connection with their teacher and bettering their overall experience (Rodriguez Elbaum, 2014). As the number of students increase, there is a reduction in the amount of time that can be spent on instruction and dealing with individual children (Bennett, 1996). This balance helps progress interactions between student and teacher and improves the relationship between the two. This improvement in the classroom experience is best illustrated in studies exploring the effects of classroom size in the achievement of at-risk pupils. For instance, a study by Blatchford, Bassett and Brown (2011) found that smaller classes led to pupils receiving more individual attention from teachers, and having better interactions with them. It was also reported that school engagement decreased in larger classes and that disadvantaged and minority pupils can benefit from a reduction in the student-teacher ratio in terms of more individual attention and facilitating engagement in learning (Finn, Suriani, Achilles, 2007 in Rodriguez Elbaum, 2014). In conclusion, it is clear, that children in OHC suffer from poorer academic achievement then those in the general population. The unstable environment experienced by such children during their academic years effects their ability to engage in classroom activities and general learning. The solution proposed to address this issue encompasses the introduction of tutoring programmes for such children in-line with the structure of DI interventions. Used in compliment to their school education such programmes work to enhance the decreased cognitive and affective engagement these pupils demonstrate in their regular school environment. Introducing such interventions in OHC institutions and foster care programmes should help to minimize the academic disparity between such children and their peers. References Carvalho, R. Gil, G. (2016). Gender differences in academic achievement: The mediating role of personality, Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 54-58 Duong, M.T., Badaly, D., Liu, F.L., Schwartz, D., Mccarty, C.A. (2016). Generational Differences in Academic Achievement among Immigrant Youths: A Meta-Analytic Review, Review of Educational Research, 2016, 86(1), 15-23 Witkow, M.R. Fuligni, A.J. (2011) Ethnic and Generational Differences in the Relations between Social Support and Academic Achievement across the High School Years, Journal of Social Issues, 67(3), 531-552 Stephens, N.M., Hamedani, M.G Destin, M. (2014) Closing the social-class achievement gap: a difference-education intervention improves first-generation students academic performance and all students college transition, Psychological science, 25(4), 943-53 Dworsky, A. Courtney, M.E. (2010) The risk of teenage pregnancy among transitioning foster youth: Implications for extending state care beyond age 18, Children and Youth Services Review, 32(10), 1351-1356 Brown, S. Wilderson, D. (2010) Homelessness prevention for former foster youth: Utilization of transitional housing programs, Children and Youth Services Review, 32(10), 1464-1472 Villegas, S. Pecora, P.J. (2012). Mental health outcomes for adults in family foster care as children: An analysis by ethnicity, Children and Youth Services Review, 34(8), 1448-1458 Trout, A. L., Hagaman, J., Casey, K., Reid, R., Epstein, M. H. (2008). The academic status of children and youth in out-of-home care: A review of the literature. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 979-994 OHiggins, A., Sebba, J. Luke, N. (2015). What is the relationship between being in care and the educational outcomes of children? An international systematic review, The Rees Centre for Research in Fostering and Education, University of Oxford. Forsman, H., Brà ¤nnstrà ¶m, L., Vinnerljung, B. Hjern, A. (2016). Does poor school performance cause later psychosocial problems among children in foster care? Evidence from national longitudinal registry data, Child Abuse Neglect, 57, 61-71 Wang, M.T., Willett, J.B., Eccles, J.S. (2011). The Assessment of School Engagement: Examining Dimensionality and Measurement Invariance by Gender and Race/Ethnicity, Journal of School Psychology, 49(4), 465-480 Li, Y. and Lerner, M. (2013). Interrelations of behavioural, emotional, and cognitive school engagement in high school students, Journal Youth Adolescence, 42, 20-32 Wang, M.T., Holcombe, R. (2010) Adolescents Perceptions of School Environment, Engagement, and Academic Achievement in Middle School, American Educational Research Journal, 47(3), 633-662 Li, Y. Lerner, R.M. 2011) Trajectories of School Engagement during Adolescence: Implications for Grades, Depression, Delinquency, and Substance Use, Developmental Psychology, 47(1), 233-247 Chen, R. Simons-Morton, B. (2009) Concurrent changes in conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescents: A developmental person-centred approach, Development and Psychopathology, 21(1), 285-307 Andrews, J. Duncan, S. (1997). Examining the Reciprocal Relation Between Academic Motivation and Substance Use: Effects of Family Relationships, Self-Esteem, and General Deviance, Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 20(6), 523-549 Archambault, I., Janosz, M., Fallu, J.S., Pagani, L.S. (2009). Student Engagement and Its Relationship with Early High School Dropout, Journal of Adolescence, 32(3), 651-670 Pears, K.C., Kim, H.K., Fisher, P.A. and Yoerger, K. (2013). Early school engagement and late elementary outcomes for maltreated children in foster care.   Developmental Psychology, 49(12), 2201-2211 Marks, H. M. (2000). Student engagement in instructional activity: Patterns in the elementary, middle, and high school years. American Educational Research Journal, 37, 153-184 Daly, B. P., Shin, R. Q., Thakral, C., Selders, M., Vera, E. (2009). School engagement among urban adolescents of colour: Does perception of social support and neighbourhood safety matter? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 63-74 Gruman, D. H., Harachi, T. W., Abbott, R. D., Catalano, R. F., Fleming, C. B. (2008). Longitudinal effects of student mobility on three dimensions of elementary school engagement. Child Development, 79, 1833-1852. Stahl, S., Duffy-Hester, A., Stahl, K. (1998). Everything you wanted to know about phonics (but were afraid to ask). Reading Research Quarterly, 33, 338-355 Margaret E., Houchins, D.E., Steventon, C. Sartor, D. (2005) A Comparison of Two Direct Instruction Reading Programs for Urban Middle School Students, Remedial and Special Education, 26(3), 175-182 Kim, T. Axelrod, S. (2005). Direct Instruction: An Educators Guide and a Plea for Action, The Behaviour Analyst Today, 6(2), Page 111-123 Cadette, J.N., Wilson, C.L., Brady, M.P., Dukes, C., Bennett, K.D. (2016) The Effectiveness of Direct Instruction in Teaching Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder to Answer Wh- Questions, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(9), 2968-2978 Borman GD, Hewes GM, Overman LT, Brown S. (2003). Comprehensive school reform and achievement: A meta-analysis, Review of Educational Research, 73(2), 125-230. Dolezal, D.N., Weber, K.P., Evavold, J.J., Wylie, J., Mclaughlin, T. F (2007).The Effects of a Reinforcement Package for On-Task and Reading behaviour with At-Risk and Middle School Students with Disabilities, Child Family behaviour Therapy, 29(2), 9-25 Flynn, R.J., Marquis, R.A., Paquet, M.P., Peeke, L.M. Aubry, T.D. (2012). Effects of individual direct-instruction tutoring on foster childrens academic skills: A randomized trial, Children and Youth Services Review, 34(6), 1183-1189 Rodriguez, R. J. Elbaum, B. (2014) The Role of Student-Teacher Ratio in Parents Perceptions of Schools Engagement Efforts, Journal of Educational Research, 107(1), 69-80 Blatchford, P., Bassett, P. Brown, P. (2011) Examining the Effect of Class Size on Classroom Engagement and Teacher-Pupil Interaction: Differences in Relation to Pupil Prior Attainment and Primary vs. Secondary Schools, Learning and Instruction, 21(6), 715-730 Bennett, N. (1996). Class size in primary schools: Perceptions of head teachers, chairs of governors, teachers and parents, British Educational Research Journal, 22(1), 33 55   Ã‚  

Comments on Society in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays

Comments on Society in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman Often times when we read literature, we can derive certain ideas or messages that the author of the work is trying to illustrate. After reading the play Death Of A Salesman by Arthur Miller, it is evident that he is trying to comment on our society . These comments on society being expressed are demonstrated in several examples throughout the play.   I think the idea that Miller is trying to get across to the audience is that, today's society is filled with people who don't get the credit they deserve for the "little things" they do in life.   These people in society are like "unsung heroes" because the hard work they do might be overlooked. If others around you see that you are not living up to their expectations or their standards, they may put you down instead of giving you the credit you deserve. Other times we do not appreciate the "little things" that our loved ones do for us until it is too late. Usually these little things impact us the most.   In this play, I think the "unsung hero" is no doubt Willy Loman, an aging salesman, father, and husband to the Loman Family. For example in the play, Willy is getting old and his success in business is suddenly declining. His salary was even taken away, leaving him to depend only on commission. Because of this, his two sons Biff and Happy, along with others that knew him, constantly put him down for not always being on top, saying how he didn't have any character, and that he was crazy. No one knew him at work anymore and no one showed Willy the respect he needed. Others looked down on him not realizing how exhausted he was trying to make a living just for his family. In reality,   Willy would drive 700 miles to work and come home without even earning a cent. He had to borrow money from Charley just to provide food on the table so that he could provide a future for his sons. I think that Willy should've been acknowledged for that in itself but instead, his two sons never even t ook the time out to thank him for just going out everyday trying to make it in the world. Unfortunately, Biff and Happy could only fully realize this when Willy was at the end of his rope, secretly trying to kill himself.

Advertisements are a Waste of Resources

In a competitive economy, companies seek to persuade consumers to buy their products or to avail their services. It is impractical to think that companies should only stock their warehouses and wait for consumers to come knocking on their doors. If this is what businesses did, there would be an economic waste in terms of products being produced but not being bought.The critics of advertising attack the form of competition it provokes by saying it results in duplication and waste. It is equivalent to an arms race in the sense that a certain pattern might exist within an industry or sector concerning the extent of advertising. So if one competitor increases the extent to which it advertisers, others feel it is necessary that they do the same or at the very least engage in some form of advertising in order to maintain its market share or face the prospect of losing it.The advertisement rates during the Indian Premier League (IPL) season 6 might be an example to some advocates who believ e advertising is a waste of resources. In this case, the resource alluded to is money. A ten-second advertisement spot cost between Rs 4-4.5 lakhs, while the associate sponsors of the event PepsiCo and Vodafone shelled something between Rs 40-60 crores each.These are nothing short of extortionate rates but companies must be having evidence to show that such rates are justified. It should however make marketers ask themselves an important question. Should they spend money on making a brand promise through advertising, or should they focus on keeping their brand promise by means of delivering what consumers want. However, although competition in advertising involves such waste, it is also a driver of innovation and setting new benchmarks. Competition is vital as it far outweighs its negatives with its positives and is a necessary requisite of a successful economy.There are some companies that literally manage to survive by spending almost nothing on advertising. Zara uses this strateg y and does it by employing a strong in-store experience and keeping their shelves stocked with the latest fashion through quick production methods. One might say Zara is more focused on keeping their brand promise. Marketers would agree that advertisements should not be made simply to create a buzz, but to help in the generation of sales.An important point to consider is the brand life cycle, as the role played by advertising depends on it. A new brand may find advertising a very important function so as to target potential consumers. At this stage, brand recognition is critical and advertising is the only way to build it when there are new products or services to offer. A mature brand on the other hand might want to further its reach through advertising or may even be trying to bounce back from a recent decline in sales.But is advertising a waste of resources? To answer this question, it must be kept in mind that advertising doesn’t exist in a vacuum.It has to be considered as one of the alternatives available in the marketing of products and services.The decision doesn’t lie at the extreme end of whether to advertise or do nothing, but is rather to either engage in advertising or in some other form of sales effort. It is one part of the marketing effort which includes packaging, servicing, direct selling, pricing and is generally undertaken when it can justify being the most effective and economical method to appeal to customers.It is a vital function if you consider its reach and ability to communicate with all potential customers and is therefore used widely by many companies. If a company decides to substitute advertising with another method that might prove to be less efficient, it would result in economic waste. The use of resources for advertising to differentiate products from competitors would not always mean that its use has been diverted. On the other hand and quite frequently, it denotes the use of resources that would otherwise be i dle and thus avoids the waste that comes with such idleness.

Violence or Non-violence How to Gain Independence Essays

Violence or Non-violence How to Gain Independence Essays Violence or Non-violence How to Gain Independence Paper Violence or Non-violence How to Gain Independence Paper For every conflict there is a different method towards a resolution. After 1945 several countries under European rule strained for independence, of these many countries, India and Kenya waged two very different journeys to obtaining their goals of independence. India got there in 1947 after long periods of suffering through non-violent protests beginning in the early 1920s (Source 1. pg 1027). Kenya, however, turned to violence in 1952 in order to obtain their independence in 1963 (Source 1. pg 1116). After comparing these two countrys struggles for independence, a method of violence is a more defensible route. European colonies began in India during the early 1600s as a result of the trading companies (Text, pg 623). Realizing that India could not be controlled with out the help of its people, Britain began educating Indian people in order for them to hold political positions. In 1885, the Indian National Congress, was formulated and as a result the Hindu and Muslim people of India were brought together. This unity was ruptured with the British encouragement of the 1906 creation of the Muslim league (Text, pg 1027). Now, the divisions were clear and the only common cause of the two organizations was Indian independence. In 1915 an educated Indian by the name Mohandas Gandi, returned to India after being educated in London and worked in South Africa (Text, pg 1028). Gandi united the Indian people in massive movements, mainly the Non-cooperation Movement (1929-1922) and the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930. Britain did try to put down the Indian protesters violently. This was not unexpected after the 1919 incident where 379 Indian demonstrators were massacred in a protest (Text, pg 1028). Gandi was able to repeatedly rally Indian people in the face of brutality be convincing them that sacrifice on ones self is superior to the sacrificing of others (Doc 169, pg 169). The British complied with several demands for reform as a result of the passive resistance, but only enough to delay independence. Headway was finally made in 1937 when the Government of India Act was enabled by the British to give India the means to be a self-governed state (Text, pg 1028). Unfortunately, due to the Hindu and Muslim divisions, India did not obtain independence until 1947, when India was divided into separate religious states (Text, pg 1102). Indias non-violent methods to acquiring independence can only be attributed to the fact that there was a window of opportunity available to India. After the First World War, Britain was in period of weakened economic status following the U. S. Stock Market Crash of 1929 (Text, pg 1011). This economic disadvantage was only worse after the Second World War. The situation made it difficult for Britain to effectively keep control, and allowing for India to slowly break away (Text, pg 1102). Had the economic situation given Britain the resources to stop the Indian resistance, the outcome of a non-violent gain of independence would not have been possible. The British first colonized Kenya in 1895 (Web). African lands were initially of interest to Europeans in order to establish sources for raw materials and later a labor source. Kenya, like many others sent numerous people to die in European wars for no reward (Doc 158, pg 220). On top of that already serious resentment, heavy taxes, eviction from lands, and being forced into positions of wage slaves, just added to the mounting explosion. Non-violent measures began early in the 1940s, but no requests of reform were ever honored by the British (Text, pg 1116). Angered the frozen situation, several nationalist rose to violently oppose the British in 1952. Jomo Kenyatta was among the leaders of the Mau Mau force who was captured and exiled in 1953 (Web). The British announced a state of emergency, until the violence ended in 1956. British forces were actually the victors of the war for independence, but the people of Kenya continued to push for their cause until it was a reality in 1963 (Text, pg 1116). Kenya chose a violent route towards independence because it was cleat that protests and strikes werent making any leeway. Britain blatantly exploited and suppressed people across Africa, as well as repeatedly ignore Kenyan attempts to become active in their own government. The extreme extent to which the Kenyan people were mistreated explains why they resorted to violence. Only after Kenya displayed their willingness to sacrifice their own lives and take down as many British as possible, did it become evident that the Kenyan people would no longer stand to be railroaded. Comparing these countries a little closer, violence is the more defensible route because once it is used; the process of independence is much faster. It took India well over 25 years after the first movement, and Kenya about 10 years after the first violent act to gain independence from colonial control. The fact that Europeans were only interested in these countries for greed and power, further illustrates how little respect was given. It is also because of these motives that Britain was not going to let go without a fight. Despite the method used to gain independence (violent or non) Britain still used violence in an attempt to control. If violence is to be brought into the equation by colonial powers, it should not be felt only by the oppressed. It is only right that emerging independent nations step up to the plate ready and throw right back what ever is dealt. Another take on the pro-violence stance in that the use of violence can help heal the wounds of racial degradation from years of colonial control (Text, pg 1112). All the adds up to the fact that violence is the best bet for gaining independence. After comparing these two countrys struggles for independence, a method of violence is a more defensible route. It is apparent that a non-violent approach only works in narrow circumstances, so violence the best bet for gaining independence. Violence is faster, fair, and mentally satisfying for countries trying free themselves of colonial control. The resolution must parallel the severity of the problem to have effective results. Any other course of action would only delay (at best) the arrival of independence.

buy custom Developing Groups into Teams essay

buy custom Developing Groups into Teams essay A team is made up of a group of people who are connected together in a common purpose. Teams are normally developed to conduct particular tasks that are complex, and have many co-dependent subtasks. A group in itself does not automatically make up a team. Members make it up with complementary talents and generate synergy by a coordinated effort that allows each member to minimize their weakness and maximize their strengths. Team members are required to work together and help each other so that each member realizes their true potential. By doing so, they create an atmosphere that allows each member to exceed their limitations. Teams size and a composition are known to have an effect on team processes and outcomes. The optimal composition and size of a team varies according to the task it handles. This paper will seek to discuss how groups can be developed into teams. There are several strategies that an organization can employ in order to nature the conversion of groups into teams. First, the organization has to develop common goals and vision that its members should try to achieve. Unless a common vision and a goal are set for a given undertaking, and each member holds the one goal and vision of the shared destination, it would be very difficult to achieve the set targets as members will be confused and hobbled along the way (Jungalwalla 200). Lacking a common direction, such a group will be divided into small fragments, thereby it will lose energy as the members move against each other as opposed to a team. To achieve a common goal and a vision, several tasks may be undertaken. Team members may record their perception of teams common vision and goals; then the differing perceptions may be considered. This task will help present a simple evaluation of the extent to which the group shares common visions and goals. Passion is an important aspect f or success. In developing common visions and goals, one may find out what visions and goals that are desirable for the organization the team members are passionate about (Jarod 2009). There should be a clear distinction between common and individual goals. Teams may share similar visions and goals, but may have different roles in a collaborative undertaking. Each member in the group should express their individual roles in ways that convey how that role contributes to the common visions and goals of the organization. When collaborative goals are set, benchmark and stretch goals have to be considered. Benchmark goals are said to be the minimum one can accept from themselves as professionals while stretch goals can be described as reach for the stars goal, which should carry considerable uncertainty as to its practicability. This will ensure that a team keeps motivated, and endeavors for improvement even beyond perceived restrictions (Junggalwalla 2000). Diversity of people in a group can be its greatest threat or asset; if a group is well harnessed, it can be a tool to develop a very good team and achieve high goals. The important factor here is the ability to appreciate diversity, to know its importance and to manage it. One can start by leading by example. If a leader is seen not to value diversity, the group members will not do it too, thereby developing a poor team. A team survey that draws attention to diverse work styles and roles within the team should be undertaken. A team map may be developed that shows which preferences and roles are well represented and which are not. The team could be then involved in giving strategic advice to themselves about further development of the team. Furthermore, teams training and development schedules should incorporate topics based on understanding and management of diversity (Jungalwalla 2000). Effective communication is paramount in development of groups into teams. Strategies that enhance active listening and engagement of the audience in meetings may be used to foster good communication (Hardcastle 2006). In conclusion, many factors may determine how a group develops into a team. Common visions and goals, ability to harness diversity and effective communication are important aspects in development of a group into a team. Buy custom Developing Groups into Teams essay

Confidentiality and Anonymous Sources Assignment

Confidentiality and Anonymous Sources - Assignment Example Many feel that the journalist crosses the line of credibility when they extend this confidentiality to the identity of the story’s source. They suggest that reporters use anonymous sources as a shortcut. It’s easier than using investigative techniques such as uncovering documented evidence and speaking to a larger number of people than solving an intricate but credible puzzle.  A journalist that wants their story to be believed uses at least two named sources in a story. Using just one source that is unknown to the reader, and sometimes the reporter, for the sake of sensationalism and competition is, unfortunately, becoming a common practice. Others, including responsible journalists, firmly believe that the use of confidential or anonymous sources by journalists is essential in providing the public with vital information. This is because certain potential sources in sensitive government or business positions would not be willing to offer information without the assur ance that their identity remains confidential. Many journalists view their job as a duty to inform the public regarding unscrupulous dealings by those who wield power over the public. Those that advocate free speeches argue that if the media employs the use of anonymous sources conscientiously in a genuine effort to generate credible stories, the significance of the information outweighs any apprehensions regarding the origination of those sources. Both lines of reasoning are valid yet each must admit the other’s weaknesses

Research and Comparing Documentaries Assignment

Research and Comparing Documentaries - Assignment Example Almost 90% of converted women agree that they can dress more conservatively and feel more comfortable with the Hijab. They also give their reasons for conversion as the need to be close to God as they now pray 5 times a day3. Other related sources also show that a third of inmates in British jails are converting to Islam. According to Richard Eddie’s 4book â€Å"Black Muslims in Britain†, Malcolm X continues to influence most black men into Islam. Richard’s interviewees reveal that converts appreciate the law of Islam since the law has enabled them to live in the society considered as corrupt and moral. The most interesting stereotype about this religion is how it oppresses women. The religion targets most young men. Recent stories from media in Kenya reveal how the Al-Shabaab militia group recruits young men from East Africa to fight and protect their religion. In â€Å"Islam empire of state†, Islamic history and culture shows how the religion has made gr eat contribution in trade, education, scientific theorems, philosophy and medicine. The rapid conversion and growth of the Islam religion is resulting from rapid crusades conducted by Sheikhs. The crusades led to great civilization of the Islam religion in terms of economic and scientific discoveries made during the period of renaissance. According to 5 â€Å"what the west needs to know†, Islam is a peaceful religious group and those who fight do so to hide under the religion. The religion perceived as an authoritarian group not only emphasizes that there is no other God but Allah and his prophet Mohamed6. Most of the people targeted by these documentaries are the youth’s especially young men7. The â€Å"divine woman† by Bettany Hugdes reveals how Buddhism started with a female. In this documentary, a woman goddess controls life and death. The Durga Puja festival shows the organization of the Hindu religion. Use of art and culture with paintings on the skin of I ndian women reveals how important a female is within the religion. The construction and design of the temples brings out rich creativity and architectural work in this religion. The documentaries quote the Quran stating the reason as to why the religion is conflict linked and war bound. The Quran states that one should fight for his own faith. Mohamed himself plays a war oriented leadership role according to his history from Mecca hence the continuous perception of Muslim religion as a conflict religion. The usual suicide bombing and attacks originates from Judaism symbolically fighting paganism. From the documentary â€Å"what the west needs to know†, Quran and hadiths encourage the killing of non-Muslims. From the background history of Mohamed, it is evident that he spread his territory through war and his followers did the same to conquer Mecca a city where he was born. Background music used in the documentaries emphasizes the religion. A lot of art 8 observed in the docum entaries show the culture of the religion. The style of presentation of the documentaries is both educational and formal. Islam religion is widely publicized and therefore the documentaries try to educate the public on the religion9. The great contribution of Islam into modern civilization and various fields of study such as philosophy, medicine, and trade make the documentaries educative. We also observe the speeches from several leaders used to emphasize the religion. Quotations from the Quran are also

CRM - Customer Relationship management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CRM - Customer Relationship management - Essay Example For instance, Dell, Acer, HP ranks at 77 percent and others lower than this despite of their improvements (OGrady, 2009). Over the past two years, the company has been able to expand its market across the world. This has been attributed to its effective customer relationship management strategies, which have made it possible for the business to retain its loyal customers and attract new clients towards its products and services. Apple Inc. takes the responsibility of putting up a store just for its products to eliminate the trouble of ill information of their products, which in turn has culminated an excellent move on their loyal customers. The store encourages PC and Mac users to explore and play with the company’s technology. The store space provides a quality service to Mac heads users where they can also hang out with the lovers of the Apple products. Therefore, by creating the stores, the company encourages existing and the newer customers enjoy the products they offer. Moreover, the products complement and complete the others such as incorporating other software’s in one product. For instance, with an iPod it is easier downloading the iTunes. In addition, with their varied products some which are relatively cheaper than others are, encourages customers to purchase them, and thus increases the likelihood of buying Apple products in the future. With the increasing cost of traditional media, i.e. audio, visual, and print media, the company has diverted to other strategies of creating a close relationship with the customers. For instance, Apple Inc. is using social media to collect the views of the customers. Through this platform, the company is able to understand different aspects that affect the consumption behavior of the target market. In addition, social media gives the customers an opportunity to interact direct with the company’s subordinates. Therefore, through this channel, they have been able to air their grievances concerning the products

Leukemia Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Leukemia Research Paper Essay PART I: I personally know of a couple of skeletal diseases. I know of Leukemia, which is a type of cancer where white blood cells multiply in an uncontrolled manner, and the cause is unknown. I have also personally met someone with Leukemia, and it is not a slow-moving disease; he unfortunately died within a few years. I know of osteoporosis from the notes. It is a disease resulting in the loss of bone tissue. The cancellous bone loses calcium, becomes thinner, and may eventually disappear altogether. I don’t know if a fracture constitutes as a bone disease, but they can be Spiral, Closed, Open, or Multiple. One of the most well-known bone diseases is Arthritis. It is a disease of the joints; victims suffer pain, stiffness, and swelling of the joints. Many athletes will also show signs of Tendonitis, a disorder involving stiffness or pain in the muscles or joints. I want to find out more about Leukemia, the most relatable disease to me, and what symptoms the victims of it suffer. PART II: I am going to choose to research the skeletal disease of Leukemia, because it has personally affected me in my life. One of our close family friend’s children died of Leukemia when he was five. He had a very advanced form of Leukemia when he was born and it was a very sad time when he passed. I will more specifically be researching Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia, the disease he suffered from. I am looking for treatment options, symptoms, and prevention abilities. PART III: I began my search by typing â€Å"Leukemia† into Google search and got many reliable sources. I chose a source from the Mayo Clinic that clearly defined the disease and had a brief synopsis of the disease. I also went to the Leukemia Lymphoma society’s website and found a document on the specific type of leukemia I was researching. I also searched the symptoms of Leukemia and found a good source on Medicine Net. SOURCES: http://www.lls.org/#/diseaseinformation/leukemia/jmml/ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/leukemia/DS00351 http://www.medicinenet.com/leukemia/page5.htm#symptoms PART IV: I learned that Leukemia is a blood cancer that attacks the bone marrow and the Lymphatic system. I learned that many different types exist and treatment can be complex, depending on the type of Leukemia and other factors. I learned that Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia is most commonly diagnosed in infants, much like my close friend. I didn’t know, but JMML is a very uncommon type of blood cancer and it only occurs in infancy and early childhood. I learned that symptoms can be fevers, frequent infections, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss for no reason, bleeding and bruising easily, and pain in the joints and bones. I learned that doctors diagnose Leukemia by physical exams as well as blood tests and biopsies. I learned that stem-cell transplantation could be used for treatment of this cancer. My friend had this done with the help of his younger brother, and actually went into remission for two years. I really learned a lot about this disease and have an enlightened perspective on Leukemia and its unfortunate victims.

True Meaning of Christmas in The Gift of the Magi by O. Henry :: essays research papers

The â€Å"Gift of the Magi† by O. Henry is a short story that has an interesting theme. The main themes in this short story are that people do not need money to express love, and the true meaning of Christmas. Things such as the characters, setting, and events contribute to the theme. The characters Della and Jim have very little money, and yet they express their love by each selling their greatest treasures. Della sells her hair and Jim sells his watch. If they were both wealthy people, the story would have most likely have changed for the worse. Since these people make very little money, their gifts come more from the heart and show how much they care about each other. Having the story set in a big city impacted the theme of the story. Life is more stressful in the city, especially for those who are less fortunate. The difference of the setting being in the city rather than a small town, is that the cities often have many people who cannot afford expensive presents. The city has people just like Della and Jim who can only afford to have presents from the heart. The events have a large role in the theme of people expressing their love without money. Della sells her hair to buy a watch chain for Jim. Jim sells his watch to buy an set of combs for Della. In the end they each end up not being able to use the gifts but realize how much affection they each have. O. Henry describes the scene where Della is preparing to go sell her hair very vividly. â€Å"So now Della's beautiful hair fell about her rippling and shining like a cascade of brown waters...Once she faltered for a minute and stood still while a tear or two splashed on the worn red carpet.

A movie Review about Do the Right Thing

The film Do the Right Thing was a story of the neighborhood of Bed-Stuy in Brooklyn, New York. In this mostly African-American neighborhood, everything seemed to be peaceful at the beginning of the hottest day of the year.The Italian-Americans that owned Sal's Famous Pizzeria opened the restaurant, Mookie, the African-American delivery boy for Sal's Famous Pizzeria, reported for work, and the rest of the neighborhood went about their daily business.Toward the middle of the day, Buggin Out, one of Mookie's friends, tried to get a boycott of Sal's pizzeria organized because there were no pictures of African-Americans on Sal's â€Å"Wall of Fame.† No one wanted to be a part of it, because they all loved Sal's Famous Pizzeria.By the time night fell and the pizzeria was about to close for the night, Buggin Out got Radio Raheem to join in the boycott. After a fight started when Sal busted Radio Raheem's boom box, the entire neighborhood got involved.When the police showed up, Mookie 's friend was arrested, and, as the police were trying to subdue Radio Raheem, they accidentally strangled him to death. The police put Radio Raheem's body in the back of the police car and left.   This act of violence made the neighborhood react violently toward Sal, who had nothing to do with how the police treated Radio Raheem.Mookie was the first to throw a trash can through a window of the pizzeria. After that, people from the neighborhood stormed the restaurant, stealing the money, breaking everything inside before finally setting the pizzeria ablaze. Sal's Famous Pizzeria was gone.The heat outside was a metaphor for the tensions that arose in the neighborhood.   As the weather got hotter, the tension mounted. As people became agitated because of the heat, they also became agitated because of the underlying racial conflicts that seemed to infiltrate the neighborhood.   When the heat rose to its hottest point, the tension boiled over, resulting in the death of Radio Rahee m and the riot at Sal's Famous Pizzeria.For example, at about the mid-point of the day, Da Mayor is confronted by a group of neighborhood teenagers.   The teenagers ask Da Mayor why he gets to be the â€Å"mayor† and that he walks up and down the block like he owns it.   They resort to calling him a fossil and a bum.   Da Mayor replies that until they know how it feels not to be able to feed their families, they do not know him, or anything at all.   From this scene, the tension got worse as the day got longer, resulting in the riot.The heat was palpable; it was an entity that slowed the characters down and each were forced to overcome it.   This entity was akin to a demon.   It interfered with each person's conscience and forced each individual to make rash decisions.In essence, the heat made the characters act out in the violent way that they did.   If it were not for the extreme heat, perhaps the decisions would have been different, and the riot could have be en avoided.Several people â€Å"do the right thing† throughout the film.   For example, Da Mayor does the right thing when he pushed the little boy out of the way of a speeding car, saving his life.Mookie does the right thing when he escorts Buggin Out out of Sal's Famous Pizzeria when he started to get belligerent. Sal does the right thing when, even though Mookie started the riot, he pays Mookie what he owes him for his work the previous night.However, in the events leading up to and during the riot, no one does the right thing.   Sal broke the boom box, which resulted in him being attacked and Mookie threw the trash can through a window of the pizzeria, which resulted in a riot. In view of the bigger picture, Sal's pizzeria still burned down, Mookie is still out of a job, and the entire neighborhood is a little worse for wear.Just because a couple of people did the right thing throughout the day does not mean that everything should be forgiven.   The tension, like th e heat, infected everyone like a sickness. People were already belligerent from the heat, and the accumulation of the day's events added fuel to the fire.The riot turned into a race war.   In the end, no one won. There was still a loss felt, for both Radio Raheem, who died at the hands of the police, and for a long-time member of the neighborhood, Sal's pizzeria.

How to Write a Poem About Lacrosse Essay

The general purpose of this speech is to demonstrate. The specific purpose is to show how to shoot a lacrosse ball, catch a lacrosse ball and cradle the lacrosse ball. I am going to show you the proper way to shoot the ball, the right way to catch the ball and the correct way cradle the ball. Everyone chill-lax, i’m going to tell you about lax. I am the best person to give this speech because I have played lacrosse almost all my life and I am very good at it. This demonstration will be useful to you because if you ever want to try lacrosse, you will know some of the basics. The first part of lacrosse I am going to tell you about is how to shoot the ball. There are three main points on how to shoot the lax ball. The first is to keep your elbows and hands out and away because you can get more power on the ball. Also it helps you aim the ball more precisely and hit the corners of the goal. Second is to take a big drop step and twist your hips is to create more power on your shoot. Lastly you need to follow through your swing. It’s just like in basketball and how you need yo follow through on your shoot or in soccer and how you need to follow through on your kick. Another part important part of lax is how to catch the ball because if you can’t catch the ball you can’t really score. The most important part of catching the ball is keeping your hands in front of your body. If you do this you can catch the ball from almost anywhere. How you actually receive the ball is another crucial technique. When the ball is going into your stick, you need to bring the stick towards you so the ball won’t pop out. If you just keep your stick out there the ball will hit your mesh and fly out of your head. The last thing I am going to tell you about is how to cradle the ball. If you cannot cradle the ball, when you are trying to move down the field, you will get the ball knocked out and taking away. A way to not let that happen is to bring your stick up strongly and bring it down strongly.

Application for Boston University MBA Program Essay †Example

Application for Boston University MBA Program Essay – Example Free Online Research Papers Application for Boston University MBA Program Essay Example 1. Describe your experiences as a member of a team working in a professional or volunteer capacity. Comment on how you might have used leadership skills in these situations, and how your involvement helped to improve the functioning of the organization. I was able to recognize the true nature of leadership when I joined the Nationwide College Student xxx Contest in the summer vacation of the third year in college. The xxx team at xxx University of which I was in charge was just a club newly established and the members of my team was afraid of being placed on the bottom among 24 participant teams. As a result, they seemed to agree with the idea of passing up the participation in the contest. Given the chance of making my own argument with reference to the participation, I firmly decided to take part in the contest as a team head, although we might be placed on the tail, in order to set a good example to the following underclassmen. Once the decision was fully made, my mission was to build confidence of the team. Therefore, I participated in the Motivation Building Camp for 5 days implemented by the xxx with 18 members of my team, preliminary candidates for the team included. Owing to survival from 12 hours of rigorous training such as penetration of mud and 2 km swimming on a daily basis, the first outcome was friendship and confidence. My colleagues were able to gain confidence that we could do it whatever it takes because we had gone through the real training of xxx that we usually saw in the movie. By the end of harsh training, we were able to feel strong brotherhood like We are the one. between ourselves. The next step I took was to join the intensive training in terms of technology and localization for 10 days in xxx by introducing a professional coach of xxx from Korea xxx Association. The decision was based on my conviction that we would not be able to accomplish our goal only with motivation but effective training. Compared to other teams involved in 40 days of training annually, we trained ourselves for just 10 days. The qualified instruction of the professional coach served as great help to the development of technique in our team. Although our team eventually gained the second runner-up in the contest in August 15 19xx, the members of our team shouted for joy, saying We made it! over and over again. Although we couldnt win the contest, all of us were able to experience much more valuable things than the championship-confidence, friendship, and the sense of challenge. During the whole phase of the contest, I had no choice but to make lots of decisions as a leader of the team all by myself. Throughout this experience, I realized the significant elements of leadership for the sake of right decision as follows. The leader should have the sense of challenge and the ability to make the members of the team build confidence not to speak of friendship. In this context, I realized the outcome of business depends mainly on the efficient leadership from the bottom of my heart. 2. Boston University seeks a diverse entering class, rich with students of unique talents and experiences. Describe how your personal distinctiveness will make for a stronger learning environment at Boston University, and how this distinctiveness will contribute to your success as a manager. My main contribution to Boston MBA program is the knowledge on the Asian information and communication business circle and venture business. Since I was in college, I have been deeply interested in the field of information and communication in Asia, devoting myself to the research on the field. In college, I established a research club on venture business by the name of xxx with other 12 fellow students in the department of business administration. Therefore, we opened conferences on a regular basis for the sake of predicting their technology, business management, and prospect for the development of 50 potential venture businesses in Korea. As a matter of fact, we expected 8 companies such as xxx and xxx would grow as world leading companies during that time. Like the way we expected, they are currently marking rapid increase in stock value more than xx times of its original value in x years. In this context, it proved our high level of capability in terms of analysis. Thanks to my vigorous attention, during x years of work experience at xxx, I have been mainly involved in the business analysis for the sake of foreign investment company that would like to invest on the Korean venture businesses as well as Korean companies that would like to invest on the information and communication enterprises in Asia including China. Beyond that, I personally spent lots of time in developing the level of my knowledge on the information and communication business circle in about 80 countries in Asia including Korea. In this context, I am confident that I have more specific and analytical knowledge as to what is going on in Asian venture businesses than anybody else. In particular, I am eligible to transfer a great deal of knowledge on the technology, potential, and flaw of the main venture businesses in terms of Internet in Korea to the fellow students in Boston. I hope that my specific knowledge will serve as great help when my colleagues in Boston enter the bus iness market in Asia after graduation. 3. Why is an MBA, MS/MIS, or MSIM the next natural step in your career advancement? Why is this the right time for you to pursue graduate management education? Please mention your career goals in your response. After graduating from your university in 20xx, I intend to return to xxx,the company at which I am currently employed, and work for x years as a consultant to venture companies in Korea and Asia. By the year 20xx, I hope to have founded my own consulting firm and to operate a venture incubator company that nurtures startup ventures by providing support with capital investment and management consulting. To this end, if possible, I plan to pursue a CFA certification after graduating from your business school. Armed with the CFA certification along with a top business schools international exposure, strength in finance, and management training, I will concentrate my efforts on turning venture companies into world-class companies with my technical expertise and aspiration. Working at xxx for the last x years helped solidify my goals. After graduating from college in February of 19xx and joining xx- considered as the most experienced consulting company in Korea I concentrated on analyzin g investment results and securing foreign capital for Korean companies. The four projects which I handled in these two years were mainly market forecasting and return-on-investment analysis for companies looking to invest in the Internet and telecommunications. During this period, I was able to discover the enormous market potential in Asia for Internet-related businesses. In particular, xxx to which I was a consultant for two months starting May 19xx, and the xxx Project, for which I am currently a consultant, are xxx projects with expected revenues of $xx billion and $xx billion respectively over the next 10 years; they are model cases that showed me the potential of venture telecommunications companies. In working on these projects, I discovered the possibility of unearthing venture companies operating in Asia and developing nations and turning them into global competitors. I decided that in order to realize this goal, I must gain a greater insight on the business international environment in addition to the management and accounting knowledge that I currently have. This is the first reason why I want to go to business school. I want to cultivate my management abilities by engaging in focused studies on areas such as Corporate Finance an d Financial Strategy, Entrepreneurship, and International Marketing at a U.S. business school. The second reason why I want to go to business school is because I want to acquire a firm knowledge of the Asian market, a topic I have avidly pursued since college. During college I attained considerable knowledge on Japan and China through two separate 6-month language-training studies, and these experiences greatly aided my performance of investment consulting in Asia during my employment at xxx. These experiences also made me realize the need to further reinforce my knowledge in up-and-coming telecommunications markets of countries like China and Singapore; while studying at your university, I hope to concentrate my studies on Asia, its companies, and its growth potential and investment strategy. This is precisely why I would choose International Business as my area of concentration. One of the main reasons I have chosen Boston University is its environment. Boston University is one of the largest private universities in the United States. And it is located at the heart of Boston. I can say with confidence that I know about Boston Universitys advantages and status more than anyone else does, because Ive stayed in the city for about two months. Indeed, Ive been to the building of School of Management in Boston University several times. And I think that I could acquire more information and have various experiences there than in other business schools which are far away from cities. The second reason why I apply for Boston University is its unique and excellent MBA program. Encouraging students to concentrate on process instead of function, the MBA program that Boston University offers put an emphasis on Total Quality Management, which integrates a number of subjects. In this light, I believe that those who go through the MBA course in Boston University could exercise more outstanding capability even in the areas they dont major in than those who study in other business schools.The third is the fact that Boston University provides students with full support, especially through the Field Career Center. I know that Boston University is a school that is willing to give a practical help to its students through a vast range of programs, such as the First Place, which is an interactive software-recruiting program. Thank you. Optional question: 5. What will be the admissions committees chief concern in evaluating your potential for success at Boston University? Please explain why this concern might be unfounded or not important. After earning a bachelors degree in Business Administration, I have been a permanent employee of xxx since February 19xx. Because my transcript indicates I also earned a degree in journalism in February 19xx, I believe this warrants an explanation of the circumstances surrounding this record. Since college, I have had a great interest since in the influence that the media has on the modern corporation. During my junior year, I received a prize in a college thesis-writing competition sponsored by the xxx for a paper entitled xxx In particular, my suspicions that the medias reporting had a crucial effect on the Korean stock market and the growth of companies were confirmed during sessions of the xxx at xxx University Business Administration Department, of which I was an ardent participant. From this experience, I concluded that to become a management consultant, I needed more in depth study of the relationship between the media and the corporation. For this reason, I decided to pursue both journalism and business administration degrees. While working as a consultant, I attended evening classes and earned the journalism degree in 1 year. Therefore, although I was enrolled in xxx University in 19xx, I was actually employed full time at xxx as a 19xx graduate. I would like to point out that my studies in journalism took place in the evenings, and thus this is consistent with my two or more years of full-time work experience. Research Papers on Application for Boston University MBA Program Essay The Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part OneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductOpen Architechture a white paperThe Hockey GameAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Fifth HorsemanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Use of Propaganda in the Iraq War

Use of Propaganda in the Iraq War Free Online Research Papers When most people think about propaganda, they think about the enormous public relations campaigns that were waged by Hitler and Stalin in the 1930’s. Since nothing comparable to the posters produced at that time is used in our society today, many believe propaganda is no longer an issue. Although other modern-day mediums are used, propaganda is still present and equally effective in our everyday lives as we are currently deep into the War in Iraq. The Institute for Propaganda Analysis suggests that propaganda has six techniques that are used to strategically warp the thoughts of the American public about the widespread nature of the often political issue at hand. The use of these techniques is evident in the propaganda of World War I, World War II and in the propaganda of today’s War in Iraq. In this paper, I will show the effectiveness of these six techniques through examples of propaganda used in the world wars of our past and the war of which we are currently involved. The first technique used in propaganda is the idea of name-calling. The name-calling technique links a person, or idea, to a negative symbol (Propaganda Critic Online, name calling). The propagandist who uses this technique hopes that the audience will reject the person or the idea on the basis of the negative symbol, instead looking at the available evidence. Some of the most obvious types of name-calling that is used involve bad names. Some examples of these names include the terms Commie, Fascist, Pig, Yuppie, Bum, Queer and Terrorist. A more subtle form of name-calling that often possesses a negative emotional charge is names that involve carefully selected words or phrases. Those who oppose budget cuts may characterize fiscally conservative politicians as â€Å"stingy.† Supporters might prefer to describe them as â€Å"thrifty.† Both words refer to the same behavior, but they have very different connotations. One example of the name-calling technique is the WWI propaganda poster titled Destroy This Mad Brute. The poster, one of most vicious and hate-filled posters of WWI, depicts a German soldier as a â€Å"long fanged, open mouthed primate striding onto America’s shores† cradling a white woman (Ross, 251). Another adjective could have been used to describe the German soldier, but the word brute was strategically used. The word brute means somebody who is very cruel, ruthless or insensitive (Websters Dictionary). It can also mean an animal other than a human. The image with the text instills urgency and the need to fight to destroy these ruthless animals that are carrying away our helpless women. The negative connotation is effective in fulfilling the objective of the poster and getting men to enlist in the US Army. The second technique in propaganda is the idea of glittering generalities. Glittering generalities are very dangerous when used in propaganda, because they mean different things to different people and they can be used in different ways (Propaganda Critic Online, glittering generalities). This is not a criticism of these words, as we understand them. It is a criticism of the uses to which propagandists put the cherished words and beliefs of unsuspecting people. For example, when someone talks about democracy, we immediately think of our own definite ideas about democracy. We think about the ideas that we learned at home, at school and in church. Our first and natural reaction is to assume that the speaker is using the word in our context and that he believes as we do on this subject. This in turn lowers our ‘sales resistance’ and makes us far less suspicious than we ought to be when the speaker begins telling us the things ‘ the United States must do to prese rve democracy’ (Snow, 124). The glittering generality is, in short, name-calling in reverse. While name-calling seeks to make us form a judgment to reject and condemn without examining the evidence, the glittering generality device seeks to make us approve and accept without examining the evidence. While we become familiar with the glittering generality device it is important for the viewer of the propaganda to keep in mind what was said about the name calling technique. An excellent example of this technique can be seen in the poster titled End Global Terror. The poster was created in 2001 soon after 9/11 and suddenly we found ourselves taken back in time to the age of the propaganda posters. Different people can interpret the text on the poster in different ways. With all of the events surrounding 9/11, the context of the word ‘terror’ was changing with every event that was occurring. Previous experiences of ‘terror’ that someone from the 1940’s experienced with WWII would lead to a different idea of the word then someone from my generation who really hasn’t seen a war first hand. The generality of the word ‘global’ again implies that different people will have different perceptions of the word. What part of the globe would one consider? Were some Americans so narrow minded to initially think only of America with the term? If you lost someone in the attacks of 9/11, does your depiction of the world ‘global’ change? Considering the previous questions, the poster could have been depicted by many different people with many different perceptions of the text used in the poster. The third technique is the use of euphemisms. When propagandists use glittering generalities and name-calling symbols, they are attempting to arouse their audience with vivid, emotionally suggestive words. In certain situations, however, the propagandist attempts to pacify the audience in order to make â€Å"unpleasant reality more pleasant and acceptable† (Propaganda Critic Online, euphemisms). This is often accomplished by using words that are bland and euphemistic. Since war is particularly unpleasant, military communication is full of euphemisms. In the 1940’s, America changed the name of the War Department to the Department of Defense. Under the Reagan Administration, the MX-Missile was renamed â€Å"The Peacekeeper.† During times of war words like â€Å"collateral damage† and â€Å"liquidation† were used instead of â€Å"murder.† All of the changes and synonyms that area used make the impression of the war more pleasant for the audience. The term â€Å"shell shocked† was used to describe the trauma that the veterans of WWI and the term â€Å"combat fatigue† was later used in WWII to characterize the same condition. Both terms convey the horrors of battle as one can practically hear the shells exploding overhead. Both descriptions also still convey the discomforts of war. In the wake of the Vietnam War, people referred to â€Å"post traumatic stress disorder†: a phrase that is completely disconnected from the reality of war altogether. Another current poster that is powerful and a great example of a euphemism has an image of a dead Iraqi civilian with text saying, â€Å"5000 ‘Liberated’†¦ and counting†. The word ‘liberated’ is used to characterize the United States actions in Iraq as our army is over seas to unshackle the Iraqis from their controlling government. In our actions to ‘liberate’ thousands of civilians are being killed. Through this poster the word â€Å"liberate† is seen as equivalent to death. The fourth technique is the use of the transfer device. Within the transfer device, symbols are constantly used. The cross represents the Christian Church. The flag represents the nation. Cartoons like Uncle Sam represent a consensus of public opinion. Symbols like these often stir the emotions of the audience. The transfer device is used both for and against causes and ideas. When a political activist closes her speech with a public prayer, she is attempting to transfer religious prestige to the ideas that she is advocating (Snow, 247). The point that is made about the transfer device is that an idea or program that is linked to such topics as Medicine, Science, Democracy, or Christianity should not be accepted or simply rejected because the topics are often credible. A poster from WWII used the patriotic symbol of the American flag to remind citizens of their obligation to the nation and to promote unity between races during the war. With the American flag in the background, two men, one black and one white, are working on an airplane. As they work together to fix the plane for the use in the war, as the poster states, ‘United We Win.’ Although there were still strong negative feelings against blacks at the time, the American flag in the poster had the ability to calm and encourage races to work together for the good of the war. The flag was effective in transferring its patriotic symbol to Americans being Americans, joined by the stars and stripes of fabric not separated by color of skin. The fifth technique is the idea of the bandwagon. With the aid of all the other propaganda devices, the artifices of flattery are used to harness the fears and hatreds, prejudices and biases, convictions and ideals common to a group (Propaganda Critic, bandwagon). With this said, emotion that is felt is made to push and pull us as members of a group onto a bandwagon. The basic theme of the bandwagon appeal is the common â€Å"everyone else is doing it, and so should you† theme. However, as the IPA points out, â€Å"there is never quite as much of a rush to climb onto the bandwagon as the propagandist tries to make up think there is† (Propaganda Critic). The best example of the bandwagon technique can be seen in the famous Rosie the Riveter propaganda posters. During WWII women were recruited to work in the manufacturing plants, which produced munitions and material because the men who typically would work those jobs were fighting in the war (Gavine, 129). Rosie is now considered a feminist icon in the US and a herald of women’s economic power to come. In a workman’s shirt and her hair pulled back by a red bandanna, Rosie is ready to work. With her arm at an angle and then text coming from her mouth, â€Å"we can do it!† she can be depicted as either showing her strength encouraging women to join in the work force. Because of the strong character that Rosie was, she made it easy for women to break the traditional norms of society at the time and work for their men in the factories. The sixth and final technique is the use of fear. When a propagandist warns members of her audience that disaster will result if they do not follow a particular course of action, they are using the fear appeal. By playing on the audiences deep-seated fears, practitioners of this technique hope to redirect attention away from the qualities of a particular proposal and toward steps that can be taken to reduce the fear (Propaganda Critic, fear). There are four elements to a successful fear appeal. The steps being a threat, a specific recommendation about how the audience should behave, audience perception that the recommendation will be effective in addressing the threat, and audience perception that they are capable of performing the recommended behavior. When fear appeals do not include all four elements, they are likely to fail. In contemporary politics, the fear-appeal continues to be widespread and used often. Adolf Hitler was a master in effective use of the fear technique. Hitler used this tactic often to rally the emotions of the German people to support his Arian-dominant belief system and denigrate other races and religions. Through the use of fear he was able to persuade Nazi Germany and its collaborators to murder approximately six million Jews (Propaganda Critic, Hitler). The holocaust would not have been possible without Hitler’s use of the fear technique in his propaganda campaigns. The streets of our country are in turmoil. The universities are filled with students rebelling and rioting. Communists are seeking to destroy our country. Russia is threatening us with her might, and the Republic is in danger. Yes danger from within and without. We need law and order! Without it our nation cannot survive. Adolf Hitler, 1932 Since the end of the World War II, social psychologists and communication scholars have been conducting empirical studies in order to learn more about the effectiveness of fear appeals (Propaganda Critic, appeals of fear). Some have criticized the conceptualization of the studies, and others have found fault with the experimental methods. The general conclusions, however, are worth considering, if not accepting. Fear appeals are more likely to succeed in changing behavior if they contain specific recommendations for reducing the threat that the audience believes are both effective and doable. Hitler’s speeches to Nazi Germans did just that. His words were strong and persuasive with the specific recommendation that reducing the threat of Jews was to kill them. Propaganda is a certain type of message presentation directly aimed at manipulating the opinions or behavior of people, rather than impartially providing information. The six techniques discussed in this paper have been shown to be effective across many generations. The analysis of the use of propaganda in World War I, World War II and the War in Iraq has helped to illustrate the use of these six techniques and their relative effectiveness to accomplish the users’ objectives. A review of these specific techniques and new understanding of the effectiveness of the propaganda, illustrates the power of propaganda to manipulate the feelings, sentiments and beliefs of the target audience. Bibliography Braybon, Gail. Women Workers in the First World War. New Jersey: Barnes Noble Books, 1981. Gavin, Lettie. American Women in World War 1: They also served. Colorado: University press of Colorado, 1997. Propaganda Critic. Ed. Institute For Propaganda Analysis. 1998. 24 November. 2006 Propaganda. Ed. Wikipedia: The Free Encylopedia. 2006. 3 December. 2006 Ross, Stewart Halsey. Propaganda for War: How the United States Was Conditioned to Fight the Great War of 1914-1918. North Carolina: McFarland Company Inc, 1996. Smith, Angela K. The Second Battle Field: Women, Modernism, and the First World War. New York: St. Martin’s Press Inc, 1988. Snow, Nancy. Selling America’s Culture to the World. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002. Rosie the Riveter. Ed. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 2006. 3 December. 2006 Websters Dictionary Online. Defination of brute. 2006. 5 December. 2006. Research Papers on Use of Propaganda in the Iraq WarQuebec and CanadaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Hip-Hop is ArtThree Concepts of PsychodynamicMind TravelRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalGenetic EngineeringMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product